Containers without Docker (podman, buildah, and skopeo)

While Docker is commonly the standard when it comes to containers, we're starting to see why alternatives like Podman are quickly becoming popular replacements for container-based development. Although Docker has been around for almost 10 years and standardized containerization, Podman has some huge advantages, namely being "daemonless" (not needing systemd or any other service to run in the background). Are there alternatives to Docker? Yes, and let's take a look at how we can get started with Podman, Buildah, and Skopeo.

Introduction

Docker has been an innovator in how developers build and deploy applications, and is a good tool. From building images, pushing/pulling images from registries, and running images, Docker does it all. However, Docker is a huge monolithic application and relies on a heavy daemon, which, if at a point failed, all child processes would become unreachable.

Differences between the architecture of Docker and Podman

This is what Podman, an open-source daemonless and rootless container engine, was developed with in mind. Podman runs using the runC container runtime process, directly on the Linux kernel, and launches containers and pods as child processes. In addition, it was developed for the Docker developer, with most commands and syntax seamlessly mirroring Docker's. Buildah, an image builder, and Skopeo, the image utility tool, are both complimentary to Podman as well, and extend the range of operations able to be performed.

Due to Docker being such a large tool, we can break it down into a few components, mainly, this includes the container engine, image builder, and image distribution. Instead of relying on Docker, let's take a look at some light-weight replacements that can achieve the same functionality.

Podman

Podman is a daemonless and rootless container engine, allowing you to run, manage, and interact with containers. The commands are the same as Docker due to the standards of the Open Container Initiative (OCI), and you can even alias Docker to Podman (alias docker=podman). While the Docker daemon normally runs as root, a long-standing security concern, Podman can be run in rootless mode. Podman even includes the functionality to orchestrate containers with Kubernetes!

Getting started with Podman

Firstly, let's install Podman. Based on your runtime, you can use the various installation methods in the documentation. You can even easily use Podman on Mac using brew install podman and Windows using this blog.

$ sudo dnf -y install podman

Run a httpd container

$ podman run -dt -p 8080:80/tcp docker.io/library/httpd

Trying to pull docker.io/library/httpd:latest...
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob d6bc17b4451a done

Check container status

$ podman ps

CONTAINER ID  IMAGE                           COMMAND           CREATED         STATUS             PORTS                 NAMES

5d5f92a59ea3  docker.io/library/httpd:latest  httpd-foreground  24 seconds ago  Up 25 seconds ago  0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp  happy_beaver

Access your application! We could simply do a curl command, or access the IP of our application with port 8080 on a browser, and we'll see our httpd server running.

$ curl localhost:8080

<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>

Buildah

Buildah is a daemonless and rootless image builder tool complimentary to Podman that produces OCI compliant images. It's able to build images from Dockerfile, and can be run directly inside of containers.

Getting started with Buildah

Let's install Buildah, which can be done by checking the installation documentation. Just like Podman, Buildah is shipped on Fedora 35/36, RHEL 8+, CentOS, OpenSUSE, and Ubuntu, and more.

$ sudo dnf -y install buildah

Build an image from Dockerfile. While the default command to build any container image is buildah bud -t tag-name . in a directory with a Dockerfile, let’s say we’re working on a Next.js application. Firstly, let’s download the bootstrap using npx.

$ npx create-next-app --example with-docker nextjs-docker

$ cd next-js docker

Now, we’ve got a Next.js application, with a Dockerfile inside ready to build our app. Let’s go ahead and build our container image.

$ buildah build -t nextjs-docker .

[1/3] STEP 1/5: FROM node:16-alpine AS deps

Resolved "node" as an alias (/etc/containers/registries.conf.d/000-shortnames.conf)

Trying to pull docker.io/library/node:16-alpine…

Successfully tagged localhost/nextjs-docker:latest

Check image status.

$ buildah images

REPOSITORY               TAG         IMAGE ID      CREATED         SIZE

localhost/nextjs-docker  latest      162bee38beb9  8 seconds ago   118 MB

Run container and check the installation, looks great!

$ podman run -p 3000:3000 nextjs-docker

Skopeo

Skopeo is an image utility tool that complements Podman and Buildah, allowing you to remotely inspect images, copy images between registries, and more. Like the others, it doesn’t require a daemon to be running or root privileges, and can work with OCI compatible images.

Getting started with Skopeo

Let’s install Skopeo, which can be done using the installation documentation.

$ sudo dnf -y install skopeo

Push our image to a remote registry. If we haven’t already done so, let’s upload the image we just built with Buildah to the Docker hub.

$ podman login docker.io

$ podman push nextjs-docker docker.io/cedricclyburn/nextjs-docker

Copy image to a different registry. Recently, Docker Hub rate limits and paid tier changes have encouraged engineers to start using alternative image registries like Quay.io. Let’s take our existing image from Docker, and copy it over to Quay.io.

$ skopeo login quay.io

$ skopeo copy docker://cedricclyburn/nextjs-docker:latest docker://quay.io/cedric-clyburn/nextjs-docker:latest

Here's the content starting from "Run a httpd container" in a single code block:

mdx

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Run a httpd container

$ podman run -dt -p 8080:80/tcp docker.io/library/httpd

Trying to pull docker.io/library/httpd:latest...
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob d6bc17b4451a done
…
Check container status
bash


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$ podman ps

CONTAINER ID  IMAGE                           COMMAND           CREATED         STATUS             PORTS                 NAMES

5d5f92a59ea3  docker.io/library/httpd:latest  httpd-foreground  24 seconds ago  Up 25 seconds ago  0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp  happy_beaver
Access your application! We could simply do a curl command, or access the IP of our application with port 8080 on a browser, and we'll see our httpd server running.
bash


Copy code
$ curl localhost:8080

<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>
<Image src={httpdExample} alt="Working webpage using httpd" />
Buildah
<Image src={buildahLogo} alt="Buildah logo" />
Buildah is a daemonless and rootless image builder tool complimentary to Podman that produces OCI compliant images. It's able to build images from Dockerfile, and can be run directly inside of containers.

Getting started with Buildah
Let's install Buildah, which can be done by checking the installation documentation. Just like Podman, Buildah is shipped on Fedora 35/36, RHEL 8+, CentOS, OpenSUSE, and Ubuntu, and more.
bash


Copy code
$ sudo dnf -y install buildah
Build an image from Dockerfile. While the default command to build any container image is buildah bud -t tag-name . in a directory with a Dockerfile, let's say we're working on a Next.js application. Firstly, let's download the bootstrap using npx.
bash


Copy code
$ npx create-next-app --example with-docker nextjs-docker

$ cd next-js docker
Now, we've got a Next.js application, with a Dockerfile inside ready to build our app. Let's go ahead and build our container image.
bash


Copy code
$ buildah build -t nextjs-docker .

[1/3] STEP 1/5: FROM node:16-alpine AS deps

Resolved "node" as an alias (/etc/containers/registries.conf.d/000-shortnames.conf)

Trying to pull docker.io/library/node:16-alpine…

Successfully tagged localhost/nextjs-docker:latest
Check image status.
bash


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$ buildah images

REPOSITORY               TAG         IMAGE ID      CREATED         SIZE

localhost/nextjs-docker  latest      162bee38beb9  8 seconds ago   118 MB
Run container and check the installation, looks great!
bash


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$ podman run -p 3000:3000 nextjs-docker
<Image src={nextjsExample} alt="Example of Next.js viewable in browser" />
Skopeo
<Image src={skopeoLogo} alt="Skopeo logo" />
Skopeo is an image utility tool that complements Podman and Buildah, allowing you to remotely inspect images, copy images between registries, and more. Like the others, it doesn't require a daemon to be running or root privileges, and can work with OCI compatible images.

Getting started with Skopeo
Let's install Skopeo, which can be done using the installation documentation.
bash


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$ sudo dnf -y install skopeo
Push our image to a remote registry. If we haven't already done so, let's upload the image we just built with Buildah to the Docker hub.
bash


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$ podman login docker.io

$ podman push nextjs-docker docker.io/cedricclyburn/nextjs-docker
<Image src={dockerHubImage} alt="View of image in Docker Hub" />
Copy image to a different registry. Recently, Docker Hub rate limits and paid tier changes have encouraged engineers to start using alternative image registries like Quay.io. Let's take our existing image from Docker, and copy it over to Quay.io.
bash


Copy code
$ skopeo login quay.io

$ skopeo copy docker://cedricclyburn/nextjs-docker:latest docker://quay.io/cedric-clyburn/nextjs-docker:latest
<Image src={quayImage} alt="View of image in Quay.io" />

- Inspect the image. Skopeo allows us to inspect properties or configuration of an image on remote repositories using `skopeo inspect`.

$ skopeo inspect docker://quay.io/cedric-clyburn/nextjs-docker

"Name": "quay.io/cedric-clyburn/nextjs-docker",

"Digest": "sha256:779bf91bd2d407b4db9e7e7035cc77dfbd0f2cbd435067a40f485960d2889ded",

"RepoTags": [

"latest"

"Created": "2022-07-19T18:30:29.872420186Z", …


## Conclusion

As we’ve seen, you can use Podman, Buildah, and Skopeo as replacements to the traditional Docker workflow, without the use of a daemon or root privileges. There are plenty of great advantages that result from using these tools, and due to the increase of developer adoption there’s only more to come. I believe there’s a future for containers without Docker, and Podman (as well as the Buildah and Skopeo family) is a great alternative to work with. Feel free to follow me on Twitter [@cedricclyburn](https://twitter.com/cedricclyburn) for more cloud-native tutorials!

> Note: This content comes from one of my DevNation Tech Talks, and the full presentation + slides can be found [here](https://developers.redhat.com/devnation/tech-talks/containers-without-docker)!

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